Application of light concrete balls as floatation balls to reduce evaporation from free water surfaces

Abedi Koupai, Jahangir; Peiravi, Maryam; Fazel Najafabadi, Elham

doi:10.22098/mmws.2025.18231.1672

دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی

تعداد نشریات	31
تعداد شماره‌ها	484
تعداد مقالات	4,286
تعداد مشاهده مقاله	7,298,706
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله	4,896,210

	Application of light concrete balls as floatation balls to reduce evaporation from free water surfaces
مدل سازی و مدیریت آب و خاک
مقاله 13، دوره 5، شماره 4، 1404، صفحه 211-222 اصل مقاله (685.97 K)
نوع مقاله: پژوهشی
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22098/mmws.2025.18231.1672
نویسندگان
Jahangir Abedi Koupai¹؛ Maryam Peiravi²؛ Elham Fazel Najafabadi^* ³
¹Professor, Department of Water Sciences and Engineering, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
²Former M.Sc Student, Department of Water Sciences and Engineering, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
³Assistant Professor, Department of Water Sciences and Engineering. College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
چکیده
Evaporation is a significant climatic phenomenon, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, where it contributes to considerable water loss from open water bodies such as reservoirs, dams, and agricultural water storage ponds. Efficient management of evaporation is essential to conserve water resources and enhance irrigation sustainability. Although various methods have been proposed to reduce surface water loss, economic feasibility and ease of application remain key factors in their adoption. This study investigates an affordable and practical solution by employing floating cement balls made from low-cost and locally available materials to minimize evaporation from open water surfaces. To evaluate evaporation rates, several empirical models were tested under the climatic conditions of the Zayandeh Rood Dam reservoir. Among them, the Linacre, Ivanov, and DeBruin methods were identified as the most suitable for estimating daily and monthly evaporation in the study area. Additionally, laboratory experiments were conducted using different types of floating concrete balls. The results indicated that floating balls made of perlite, Lika-4-10, and Lika-2-4 reduced evaporation from the tank surface by 33.9, 38.5, and 42.7 percent, respectively. Therefore, Leca 2-4 concrete balls were the most effective, reducing evaporation compared to the uncovered surface. The outcomes of this research suggest that the proposed method offers a cost-effective and scalable approach for reducing evaporation losses, particularly in agricultural ponds and small-scale reservoirs in water-scarce regions
کلیدواژه‌ها
Water losses؛ Floating balls؛ Leca؛ Reservoir

مراجع
References Ahmadpari, H. & Khaustov, V. (2025). Analyzing meteorological and hydrological droughts in the Darreh Dozdan River basin through drought indices. Environment and Water Engineering, 11(2), 174-184. doi: 10.22034/ewe.2025.506959.2004. Alam, S., & AlShaikh, A. A. (2013). Use of palm fronds as shaded cover for evaporation reduction to improve water storage efficiency. Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences, 25(1), 55-58. doi: 10.1016/j.jksues.2012.01.003. Al-Awadhi, J. M., Al-Dousari, A. M., & Khalaf, F. I. (2014). Influence of land degradation on the local rate of dust fallout in Kuwait. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 2014. https://www.academia.edu/download/105246972/a95a7feaf1626414021ef5289c91bedb889b.pdf. AlHassoun, S. A., AlShaikh, A. A., AlRehaili, A. M., & Misbahuddin, M. (2011). Effectiveness of using palm fronds in reducing water evaporation. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 38(10), 1170-1174. doi: 10.1139/l11-071. Allen, J. B. (1968). Analysis of evaporation at Lake Hefner, 1965-1966, based on the water budget, energy budget, and evaporation tanks. (Doctoral dissertation). https://openresearch.okstate.edu/bitstreams/2123f7c3-1662-42f9-b63d-2934bb16bc93/download. Althoff, D., Rodrigues, L. N., & da Silva, D. D. (2019). Evaluating evaporation methods for estimating small reservoir water surface evaporation in the Brazilian savannah. Water, 11(9), 1942. doi: 10.3390/w11091942 Alvarez, V. M., Baille, A., Martínez, J. M., & González-Real, M. M. (2006). Efficiency of shading materials in reducing evaporation from free water surfaces. Agricultural Water Management, 84(3), 229-239. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2006.02.006 Baradei S.E. and Sadeq M.A. (2020). Effect of solar canals on evaporation, water quality, and power production: An optimization study. Water, 12(8): 2103. doi: 10.3390/w12082103 Benjaoran, V., Raksaksri, L., & Settakhumpoo, J. (2023). Experimentation of evaporation reduction by a use of plastic bottles covering. Water Conservation & Management, 7(2), 114-121. https://www.watconman.org/archives-pdf/2wcm2023/2wcm2023-114-121.pdf. Craig, I., Green, A., Scobie, M., & Schmidt, E. (2005). Controlling evaporation loss from water storages. University of Southern Queensland. http://www.ncea.org.au/Evaporation%20Resources/index_files/Page1668.htm. De Bruin, H. A. R. (1978). A simple model for shallow lake evaporation. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 17(8), 1132-1134. doi: 10.26480/wcm.02.2023.114.121 Dunnett, C. W. (1955). A multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 50(272), 1096-1121. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1955.10501294 Elsebaie, I. H., Fouli, H., & Amin, M. (2017). Evaporation reduction from open water tanks using palm-frond covers: Effects of tank shape and coverage pattern. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 21(7), 2977-2983. doi: 10.1007/s12205-017-0539-4. Fritschen, L. J., & Gay, L. W. (1979). Review of Physical Fundamentals. In Environmental Instrumentation (pp. 16-35). New York, NY: Springer New York. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-6205-3_2. Hajian, R., & Lotfollahi-Yaghin, M. A. (2015). Modeling the amount of free water surface evaporation from Mahabad Dam’s lake using artificial neural networks and comparing the model with experimental equations. Journal of Renewable Natural Resources Bhutan, 3(5), 196-210. Hashemi Monfared, S. A., Rezapour, M., & Zhian, T. (2019). Using Windbreaks for Decreasing Lake and Reservoir Evaporation: A Case Study from Iran. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 28(4). doi: 10.15244/pjoes/89984 Helfer, F. (2012). Influence of air-bubble plumes and effects of climate change on reservoir evaporation. Griffith University. doi: 10.25904/1912/1017. Helfer, F., Zhang, H., & Lemckert, C. (2009). Evaporation reduction by windbreaks: Overview, modelling and efficiency. Urban Water Security Research Alliance, Technical Report No. 16. https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/server/api/core/bitstreams/6423f0bd-e3bb-5565-9226-196864e315f5/content. Hipsey, M. R., Sivapalan, M., & Clement, T. P. (2004). A numerical and field investigation of surface heat fluxes from small wind-sheltered waterbodies in semi-arid Western Australia. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 4(1), 79-106. doi: 10.1023/A:1025547707198. Hou, Z., Yan, X., Li, X., & Han, K. (2018). Experimental Study on the Sensitivity of Floating Ball Parameters to Inhibition of Surface Evaporation. Water Resources Power, 36, 27-29. Ivanov, N. N. (1954). On the determination of evaporation values. Yzv. HHO, Moskow, 189-196. Jajin, R. G., Feizi, A., & Ghorbanpour, M. (2022). Experimental investigation of hydrophobic bentonite effects on reducing evaporation from water surfaces. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, 70(2), 170-177. doi: 10.2478/johh-2022-000 Levene, H. (1960). Robust tests for equality of variances. Contributions to probability and statistics, 278-292. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1573950400526848896. Liaghat, A., Dehghani, T., Rezaei Rad, H., & Ahmadpari, H. (2024). Estimating grain corn yield based on Landsat 8 satellite images (Case study: agricultural and industrial lands of Shahid Beheshti, Dezful). Iranian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage, 18(3), 433-447. https://idj.iaid.ir/article_198969_88590fb464b378769a86e95726e976ca.pdf?lang=en. Majumder, A., Innamorati, R., Frattolillo, A., Kumar, A., & Gatto, G. (2021). Performance analysis of a floating photovoltaic system and estimation of the evaporation losses reduction. Energies, 14(24), 8336. doi: 10.3390/en14248336 Martínez Álvarez, V., Maestre Valero, J. F., Martín Górriz, B., & Gallego Elvira, B. (2010). Experimental assessment of shade-cloth covers on agricultural reservoirs for irrigation in south-eastern Spain. http://hdl.handle.net/10317/1567. Massey Jr, F. J. (1951). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for goodness of fit. Journal of the American statistical Association, 46(253), 68-78. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1951.10500769. Mazaheri, A. and Abedi Koupaei, J. (2017). Reducing evaporation from water reservoirs using floating covers. Iranian Journal of Water and Soil Research 49, 605-597. https://ijswr.ut.ac.ir/article_66236_6bd52b94b75399a3d1c94925a73fe7aa.pdf?lang=en. McGuinness, J. L., & Bordne, E. F. (1972). A comparison of lysimeter-derived potential evapotranspiration with computed values (No. 1452). US Department of Agriculture. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oqYoAAAAYAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=McGuinness,+J.+L.,+%26+Bordne,+E.+F.+(1972).+A+comparison+of+lysimeter-derived+potential+evapotranspiration+with+computed+values+(No.+1452).+US+Department+of+Agriculture&ots=xyAewbUUk6&sig=rLGeN_7t-0XFhhPLMyv_nOkRglE. Meyer, A. (1915). Evaporation of surface water bodies. A compendium of Water Resources Technology. Moghaddamnia, A., Gousheh, M. G., Piri, J., Amin, S., & Han, D. (2009). Evaporation estimation using artificial neural networks and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system techniques. Advances in Water Resources, 32(1), 88-97. doi: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2008.10.005. Moradi Mazreno, H. R., Talebi, M. S., and Hassanzadeh, M. 2013. Evaluation of evaporation reduction from agricultural water storage ponds using unolitic coating, case study: Aqda region, First National Conference on the Application of Modern Sciences and Technologies in Agriculture and Natural Resources, March 6, Yazd. Priestley, C. H. B., & Taylor, R. J. (1972). On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters. Monthly Weather Review, 100(2), 81-92. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0081:OTAOSH>2.3.CO;2 Rezazadeh A, Akbarzadeh P, Aminzadeh M. (2020). The effect of floating balls density on evaporation suppression of water reservoirs in the presence of surface flows. Journal of Hydrology, 591,125323. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125323 Saggai, S., Boutoutaou, D., & Saker, M. L. (2016). Réduction de l’évaporation des eaux dans les barrages: une stratégie pour augmenter le stockage de l’eau dans les régions arides algériennes. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 61(8), 1548-1554. doi: 10.1080/02626667.2014.988156. Shalaby, M. M., Nassar, I. N., & Abdallah, A. M. (2021). Evaporation suppression from open water surface using various floating covers with consideration of water ecology. Journal of Hydrology, 598, 126482. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126482. Shalaby, M. M., Nassar, I. N., & Abdallah, A. M. (2024). Effect of continuous and modular floating covers on evaporation losses and microalgal growth. Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences, 36(1), 23-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jksues.2021.08.007. Shapiro, S. S., & Wilk, M. B. (1965). An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika, 52(3-4), 591-611. doi: 10.1093/biomet/52.3-4.591. STM-C332 (1999). Standard Specification for Lightweight Average for Insulting Concrete. American Society of Testing Material. https://store.astm.org/c0332-17.html. Standard, B. (1986). Testing Concrete: Guide to the Use of Non-destructive Methods of Test for Hardened Concrete. https://www.scirp.org/(S(czeh2tfqw2orz553k1w0r45))/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1355851. Sullivan, M. (2018). Fundamentals of statistics: Informed decisions using data. Boston: Pearson. https://books.google.com/books/about/Fundamentals_of_Statistics.html?id=L9Fb0QEACAAJ. Wang, B., Shi, K., Zhang, G., Xu, S., & Wang, J. (2023). Study on the Evaporation Suppression Efficiency and Optimal Diameter of Plain Reservoirs Covered by EPS Floating Balls in Arid Areas. Water, 15(6), 1047. doi: 10.3390/w15061047. Warnaka, K., & Pochop, L. (1988). Analyses of equations for free water evaporation estimates. Water Resources Research, 24(7), 979-984. doi: 10.1029/WR024i007p00979. Willmott, C. J. (1981). On the validation of models. physical geography. 2, 184–194. doi: 10.1080/02723646.1981.10642213. Youssef, Y. W., & Khodzinskaya, A. (2019). A review of evaporation reduction methods from water surfaces. In E3S web of conferences (Vol. 97, p. 05044). EDP Sciences. doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/20199705044. Zhang, H., Lemckert, C., Brook, A., & Schouten, P. (2010). Evaporation reduction by suspended and floating covers: overview, modelling and efficiency. https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/server/api/core/bitstreams/2db73309-0244-55b5-b787-df118d0fa67e/content.
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 545 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 277

سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب

پیوندهای مفید

آمار

Application of light concrete balls as floatation balls to reduce evaporation from free water surfaces