The Mediating Role of Personal Intelligence in the Relationship between Mind Wandering and Emotional Flexibility with Language Anxiety in Students with Language Disorders

Ghaffari, Mozaffar; Hazrati, Yousef; Fouladi, Asghar

doi:10.22098/jrp.2025.16852.1287

دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی

تعداد نشریات	31
تعداد شماره‌ها	453
تعداد مقالات	4,025
تعداد مشاهده مقاله	6,780,953
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله	4,537,428

	The Mediating Role of Personal Intelligence in the Relationship between Mind Wandering and Emotional Flexibility with Language Anxiety in Students with Language Disorders
Journal of Research in Psychopathology
مقاله 3، دوره 6، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 20، 2025، صفحه 16-22 اصل مقاله (682.9 K)
نوع مقاله: Original Article
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22098/jrp.2025.16852.1287
نویسندگان
Mozaffar Ghaffari^* ¹؛ Yousef Hazrati²؛ Asghar Fouladi¹
¹Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
²Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
چکیده
Children with speech and language difficulties are at risk for learning and behavioral problems. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of personal intelligence in the relationship between mind wandering and emotional flexibility with language anxiety in students with language disorders. The research method was correlational, using the path analysis approach. The statistical population of the study included all secondary school students in East Azerbaijan province in 2024 who had speech disorders recorded in their academic records. Using purposive sampling, 200 students were selected as the sample. Data were collected using the Personal Intelligence, Emotional Flexibility, Mind Wandering Questionnaires and the short form of the Language Anxiety Questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation, Sobel and Bootstrap tests, along with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results indicated that mind wandering and emotional flexibility, through the mediating role of personal intelligence, played a significant role in explaining language anxiety in students with speech disorders. In total, 28% of the variance in language anxiety was explained by the variables in the model. The direct effects of personal intelligence (-0.24), emotional flexibility (-0.40), and mind wandering (0.02) on the variance of language anxiety were observed. The indirect effects of emotional flexibility (t-value = -3.05) and mind wandering (t-value = 2.04) with the mediation of personal intelligence in explaining the variance of language anxiety were significant. These findings suggest that promoting personal intelligence and emotional flexibility could be effective in reducing language anxiety among students with speech disorders.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Personal Intelligence؛ Mind Wandering؛ Emotional Flexibility؛ Language Anxiety

مراجع
Atadokht, A., Mowlaie, M., Basharpour, S., & Ghaffari, M. (2019). Psychometric properties of Persian version of test of personal intelligence (TOPI) in a sample of Iranian university students. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 21(1), 25-32. doi:10.22038/jfmh.2018.12227 Botes, E., Van der Westhuizen, L., Dewaele, J. M., MacIntyre, P., & Greiff, S. (2022). Validating the short-form foreign language classroom anxiety scale. Applied Linguistics, 43(5), 1006-1033. doi: 10.31234/osf.io/x8mcg Brassey, J., Witteloostuijn, A. V., Huszka, C., Silberzahn, T., & Dam, N. V. (2020). Emotional flexibility and general self-efficacy: A pilot training intervention study with knowledge workers. PloS one, 15(10), e0237821. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237821 Dimbleby, R., & Burton, G. (2020). More than words: An introduction to communication. Routledge. Dimitrov, N. N. (2023). Remembering interactions with others: The role of personal intelligence and personality (Doctoral dissertation). University of New Hampshire, USA. Fell, J., Chaieb, L., & Hoppe, C. (2023). Mind wandering in anxiety disorders: A status report. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 105, 432. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105432 Figueiredo, T., Lima, G., Erthal, P., Martins, R., Corção, P., Leonel, M., ... & Mattos, P. (2020). Mind-wandering, depression, anxiety and ADHD: Disentangling the relationship. Psychiatry Research, 285, 112798. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112798 Ghaffari, M., Narimani, M., Basharpoor, S., & Hajlo, N. (2017). Comparison of the effects of personal intelligence and body intelligence training on the symptoms of social anxiety in cosmetic surgery applicants. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 5(3), 37-47. doi:10.21859/ijpn-05036 Gkonou, C. (2021). Teacher-learner relationships. In The Routledge handbook of the psychology of language learning and teaching (pp. 275-284). Routledge. Irving, Z. C., Glasser, A., Gopnik, A., Pinter, V., & Sripada, C. (2020). What does “mind-wandering” mean to the folk? An empirical investigation. Cognitive Science, 44(10), e12908. doi:10.1111/cogs.12908 Irving, Z. C., McGrath, C., Flynn, L., Glasser, A., & Mills, C. (2024). The shower effect: Mind wandering facilitates creative incubation during moderately engaging activities. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 18(6), 1096. doi:10.1037/aca0000516 Iskenderova, K. A. (2025). How culture and language shape symbolic meaning: A linguistic exploration. Journal of International Scientific Research, 2(1), 353-358. Kaiko, I. R. (2024). Getting stuck daydreaming: The role of cognitive flexibility in anxiety while mind-wandering (Doctoral dissertation). University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. Jafarzadeh Dashbolagh, H., Hemmati, B., & Janghoo, E. (2021). Comparison of cognitive–emotional flexibility and death anxiety in people with and without traumatic experience. Journal of Research in Psychopathology, 2(3), 41-47. doi:10.22098/jrp.2021.1147 Kandeğer, A., Odabaş Ünal, Ş., Ergün, M. T., & Yavuz Ataşlar, E. (2024). Excessive mind wandering, rumination, and mindfulness mediate the relationship between ADHD symptoms and anxiety and depression in adults with ADHD. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 31(1), e2940.doi:10.1002/cpp.2940 Klein, R. J., Jacobson, N. C., & Robinson, M. D. (2023). A psychological flexibility perspective on well-being: Emotional reactivity, adaptive choices, and daily experiences. Emotion, 23(4), 911. doi:10.1037/emo0001159 Lee, H., Jin, S., & Lee, J. H. (2023). Ending the cycle of anxiety in language learning: A non-recursive path analysis approach. System, 118, 103154. doi:10.1016/j.system.2023.103154 MacIntyre, P. D. (1992). Anxiety and language learning from a stages of processing perspective (Doctoral dissertation). Western University, London, Canada. Malo, R., Acier, D., & Bulteau, S. (2024). Psychological flexibility: Toward a better understanding of a key concept. Trends in Psychology, 32(3), 734-759. doi:10.1007/s43076-022-00188-1 Mărcuș, O., Martins, E. C., Sassu, R., & Visu-Petra, L. (2022). On the importance of being flexible: Early interrelations between affective flexibility, executive functions and anxiety symptoms in preschoolers. Early Child Development and Care, 192(6), 914-931. doi:10.1080/03004430.2020.1816995 Mayer, J. D. (2014). Personal intelligence: The power of personality and how it shapes our lives. Scientific American/Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Panter, A. T. (2019). Advancing the measurement of personal intelligence with the Test of Personal Intelligence, Version 5 (TOPI 5). Journal of Intelligence, 7(1), 4. doi:10.3390/jintelligence7010004 Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Panter, A. T. (2024). Lifespace patterns of college students high and low in personal intelligence. Collabra: Psychology, 10(1), 1-20. doi:10.1525/collabra.90222 Mowlaie, M., Mikaeili, N., Aghababaei, N., Ghaffari, M., & Pouresmali, A. (2017). The relationships of sense of coherence and self-compassion to worry: The mediating role of personal intelligence. Current Psychology, 36, 630-636. doi:10.1007/s12144-016-9451-1 Mrazek, M. D., Phillips, D. T., Franklin, M. S., Broadway, J. M., & Schooler, J. W. (2013). Young and restless: Validation of the MindWandering Questionnaire (MWQ) reveals disruptive impact of mindwandering for youth. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 560. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00560 Mutlu, A. K., & Solhi, M. (2024). Unveiling the interplay between EFL teachers’ cognitive flexibility, emotion regulation, and foreign language teaching anxiety: A structural equation modeling approach. Learning and Motivation, 87, 102022. doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2024.102022 Narimani, M. (2016). The relationship between senses of coherence, self-compassion and personal intelligence with postpartum depression in women. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research, 11(1), 25-33. Ng, K. Y. S. (2023). Emotion regulation and foreign language anxiety: A mixed-methods study of Chinese learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) in Hong Kong (Doctoral dissertation). University of Leicester. Peyghami, R., Chaharnazm, M., & Ghaffari, M. (2023). Developing a passive tendency to addiction model based on mental toughness, helicopter parenting, and personal intelligence. Journal of Research in Psychopathology, 4(11), 47-53. doi:10.22098/jrp.2022.11006.1112 Pourabdol, S. (2023). Psychometric properties of the Mind Wandering Questionnaire. Clinical Psychology Studies, 13(51), 91-118. doi:10.22054/jcps.2024.17000 Preiss, D. D. (2022). Metacognition, mind wandering, and cognitive flexibility: Understanding creativity. Journal of Intelligence, 10(3), 69. doi:10.3390/jintelligence10030069 Rashid, K., & Bayat, A. (2019). Constructing, validating, and identifying factor structure of emotional flexibility scale in a sample of clients from Hamedan healthcare centers. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 26(6), 13-24. doi:20.1001.1.22287043.1398.26.6.7.7 Saidi, M., & Arefian, M. H. (2023). Language teaching anxiety and personal intelligences: Pre-service versus in-service EFL teachers. Iranian Evolutionary Educational Psychology Journal, 5(1), 87-100. doi:10.52547/ieepj.5.1.87 Shangguan, C., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, L., & Zhou, B. (2024). The more anxious, the less flexible? Association of trait anxiety with expressive flexibility and the mediating role of emotion regulation strategies. Current Psychology, 43(32), 26121-26133. doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06291-z Shashkevich, A. (2019). The power of language: How words shape people, culture. Stanford News. Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2006). The restless mind. Psychological Bulletin, 132(6), 946–958. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.946 Tang, F., & Calafato, R. (2025). Family language policy: The impact of multilingual experiences at university and language practices at home. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 28(1), 92-107. doi:10.1080/13670050.2024.2409114 Tolsa, M. D., & Malas, O. (2022). Re-exploring the connection between emotional intelligence, anxiety, depression, and stress in the adult population. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 10(1), 1-21. doi:10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-3291 Zhou, T., & Zhang, W. (2022). Effectiveness study on online or blended language learning based on student achievement: A systematic review of empirical studies. Sustainability, 14(12), 7303. doi:10.3390/su14127303
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 379 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 220

سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب

پیوندهای مفید

آمار

The Mediating Role of Personal Intelligence in the Relationship between Mind Wandering and Emotional Flexibility with Language Anxiety in Students with Language Disorders