Obesity NAAftSo, Heart N, Lung, Institute B, Initiative NOE. The practical guide: identification, evaluation,
and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute …; 2000.
Sakamoto S, Konishi M, Kim HK, Endoh N, Takahashi M, Takagi S, et al. Exercise prescription for fat
metabolism disorder-From the viewpoint of fat oxidation rate. The Journal of Physical Fitness and
Sports Medicine. 2012;1(3):499-504.
Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Mantzoros CS. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and dyslipidemia: an update.
Metabolism. 2016;65(8):1109-23.
Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome update. Trends in cardiovascular medicine. 2016;26(4):364-73.
Petridou A, Siopi A, Mougios V. Exercise in the management of obesity. Metabolism. 2019;92:163-9.
Arenas Jn, Rubio JC, Martın MA, Campos Y. Biological roles of L ́
-carnitine in perinatal metabolism. Early
human development. 1998;53:S43-S50.
Pooyandjoo M, Nouhi M, Shab‐Bidar S, Djafarian K, Olyaeemanesh A. The effect of (L‐) carnitine on
weight loss in adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obesity
reviews. 2016;17(10):970-6.
Gnoni A, Longo S, Gnoni GV, Giudetti AM. Carnitine in human muscle bioenergetics: can carnitine
supplementation improve physical exercise? Molecules. 2020;25(1):182.
Brass EP. Pharmacokinetic considerations for the therapeutic use of carnitine in hemodialysis patients.
Clinical therapeutics. 1995;17(2):176-85.
Wutzke KD, Lorenz H. The effect of l-carnitine on fat oxidation, protein turnover, and body composition in
slightly overweight subjects. Metabolism. 2004;53(8):1002-6.
Colombani P, Wenk C, Kunz I, Krähenbühl S, Kuhnt M, Arnold M, et al. Effects of L-carnitine
supplementation on physical performance and energy metabolism of endurance-trained athletes: a
double-blind crossover field study. European journal of applied physiology and occupational
physiology. 1996;73:434-9.
Lohninger A, Radler U, Jinniate S, Lohninger S, Karlic H, Lechner S, et al. Relationship between carnitine,
fatty acids and insulin resistance. Gynäkologisch-geburtshilfliche Rundschau. 2009;49(4):230-5.
Oliveira C, Sousa M. The effects of L-carnitine supplementation in athletic performance. Science & Sports.
2019;34(2):63-72.
Murosaki S, Lee TR, Muroyama K, Shin ES, Cho SY, Yamamoto Y, et al. A combination of caffeine,
arginine, soy isoflavones, and L-carnitine enhances both lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in 3T3-L1
and HepG2 cells in vitro and in KK mice in vivo. The Journal of nutrition. 2007;137(10):2252-7.
Ormsbee MJ, Thyfault JP, Johnson EA, Kraus RM, Choi MD, Hickner RC. Fat metabolism and acute
resistance exercise in trained men. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2007.
Mielgo-Ayuso J, Pietrantonio L, Viribay A, Calleja-González J, González-Bernal J, Fernández-Lázaro D.
Effect of acute and chronic oral l-carnitine supplementation on exercise performance based on the
exercise intensity: A systematic review. Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4359.
Stuessi C, Hofer P, Meier C, Boutellier U. L-Carnitine and the recovery from exhaustive endurance exercise:
a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. European journal of applied physiology.
2005;95:431-5.
Broad EM, Maughan RJ, Galloway SD. Carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism during exercise after oral
carnitine supplementation in humans. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism.
2008;18(6):567-84.
Spiering BA, Kraemer WJ, Hatfield DL, Vingren JL, Fragala MS, Ho J-Y, et al. Effects of L-carnitine Ltartrate supplementation on muscle oxygenation responses to resistance exercise. The Journal of
Strength & Conditioning Research. 2008;22(4):1130-5.
Jackson AS, Pollock ML. Practical assessment of body composition. The Physician and sports medicine.
1985;13(5):76-90.
Burrus BM, Moscicki BM, Matthews TD, Paolone VJ. The effect of acute l-carnitine and carbohydrate
intake on cycling performance. International journal of exercise science. 2018;11(2):404.
Lerman J, Bruce R, Sivarajan E, Pettet G, Trimble S. Low-level dynamic exercises for earlier cardiac
rehabilitation: aerobic and hemodynamic responses. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.
1976;57(8):355-60.
Jeukendrup A, Wallis G. Measurement of substrate oxidation during exercise by means of gas exchange
measurements. International journal of sports medicine. 2005;26(S 1):S28-S37.
Frayn K. Calculation of substrate oxidation rates in vivo from gaseous exchange. Journal of applied
physiology. 1983;55(2):628-34.
Venables MC, Achten J, Jeukendrup AE. Determinants of fat oxidation during exercise in healthy men and
women: a cross-sectional study. Journal of applied physiology. 2005.
Askarpour M, Hadi A, Miraghajani M, Symonds ME, Sheikhi A, Ghaedi E. Beneficial effects of l-carnitine
supplementation for weight management in overweight and obese adults: An updated systematic
review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacological research.
2020;151:104554.
Karlic H, Lohninger A. Supplementation of L-carnitine in athletes: does it make sense? Nutrition. 2004;20(7-
8):709-15.
Sachan DS, Hongu N. Increases in VO2max and metabolic markers of fat oxidation by caffeine, carnitine,
and choline supplementation in rats. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry. 2000;11(10):521-6.
Wall BT, Stephens FB, Constantin‐Teodosiu D, Marimuthu K, Macdonald IA, Greenhaff PL. Chronic oral
ingestion of L‐carnitine and carbohydrate increases muscle carnitine content and alters muscle fuel
metabolism during exercise in humans. The Journal of physiology. 2011;589(4):963-73.
Hagopian K, Butt J, Munday MR. Regulation of fatty acid synthesis in lactating rat mammary gland in the
fed to starved transition: asynchronous control of pyruvate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase and
acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative
Biochemistry. 1991;100(3):527-34.
Constantin-Teodosiu D, Cederblad G, Hultman E. PDC activity and acetyl group accumulation in skeletal
muscle during prolonged exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1992;73(6):2403-7.
Chee C, Shannon CE, Burns A, Selby AL, Wilkinson D, Smith K, et al. Increasing skeletal muscle carnitine
content in older individuals increases whole‐body fat oxidation during moderate‐intensity exercise.
Aging Cell. 2021;20(2):e13303.
Whitfield J, Harris RC, Broad EM, Patterson AK, Ross ML, Shaw G, et al. Chronic pantothenic acid
supplementation does not affect muscle coenzyme A content or cycling performance. Applied
Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2021;46(3):280-3.
Adeli A, Nikooie R, Aminaie M. Effect of Simultaneous Consumption of Caffeine and L-Carnitine on
Aerobic Performance and Substrate Selection During Exercise. Sport Physiology. 2020;11(44):107-22.
Chávez-Guevara IA, Hernández-Torres RP, Trejo-Trejo M, González-Rodríguez E, Moreno-Brito V, WallMedrano A, et al. Exercise fat oxidation is positively associated with body fatness in men with
obesity: Defying the metabolic flexibility paradigm. International Journal of Environmental Research
and Public Health. 2021;18(13):6945.
Purdom T, Kravitz L, Dokladny K, Mermier C. Understanding the factors that effect maximal fat oxidation.
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2018;15(1):3.
Sakurai Y, Hasegawa Y, Kurosaka Y, Nanba H, Odo S. Effects of L-carnitine and branched-chain amino
acids on energy metabolism, body composition, and delayed-onset muscle soreness after exercise in
healthy subjects. Journal of Nutritional Oncology. 2018;3(1):25-33.
Ji L, Miller R, Nagle F, Lardy H, Stratman F. Amino acid metabolism during exercise in trained rats: the
potential role of carnitine in the metabolic fate of branched-chain amino acids. Metabolism.
1987;36(8):748-52.
Stephens FB, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Laithwaite D, Simpson EJ, Greenhaff PL. An acute increase in
skeletal muscle carnitine content alters fuel metabolism in resting human skeletal muscle. The Journal
of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2006;91(12):5013-8.
