Investigating the effectiveness of repeated and intensified bifrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the improvement of love trauma syndrome in romantic relationship breakup: A case report
Journal of Family Relations Studies
مقاله 2 ، دوره 5، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 16 ، فروردین 2025، صفحه 11-18 685.1 K )
نوع مقاله: Original Article
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22098/jfrs.2024.14409.1172 نویسندگان
Jaber Alizadehgoradel* 1 Mina Taherifard 2 Zekrollah Morovati 1 1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran2 Department of Psychology, Mohaghegh-Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iranچکیده Objective: Experiencing stress and emotional disturbances due to ending and separating from a romantic relationship is one of the most painful events for some people. We aimed to evaluate a repetitive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) protocol on a girl experiencing an unmarried relationship break-up.Methods: We aimed to evaluate a tDCS protocol to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (10 sessions, 2 mA current intensity for 20 minutes, one session each day) on a girl experiencing an unmarried relationship break-up (In Iran, the year 2022). In order to evaluate the effect of this protocol, the assessment of love trauma (Love Trauma Inventory (LTI), depression (Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), anxiety Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) was done at different time intervals, before and after the intervention and follow-up.Results: Repetitive tDCS stimulation protocol with left anodal/right cathodal DLPFC montage may effectively reduce emotional disturbances after the experience of separating from a romantic relationship and lead to improved mood.Conclusion: In order to generalize the introduced stimulation protocol, it is necessary to investigate more in large groups of people who have experienced a romantic relationship breakup.کلیدواژهها
DLPFC ؛ love trauma ؛ Romantic relationship breakup ؛ transcranial direct current stimulation
مراجع
Alipoor, A., & Nori, N. (2006). A study on reliability and validity of the Depression-Happiness Scale in justice’s staff of Isfahan city. Journal of fundamentals of mental health , 8 (32), 85-96. Doi:10.22038/JFMH.2006.1807
Alizadehgoradel, J. (2021). The effects of combined transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with mindfulness on negative emotions and craving in adolescents with methamphetamine dependence. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 10(1). Doi:10.5812/ijhrba.100909
Alizadehgoradel, J., Nejati, V., Movahed, F. S., Imani, S., Taherifard, M., Mosayebi-Samani, M., Vicario, C. M., Nitsche, M. A., & Salehinejad, M. A. (2020). Repeated stimulation of the dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex improves executive dysfunctions and craving in drug addiction: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Brain Stimulation, 13(3), 582-593. Doi:10.1016/j.brs.2019.12.028
Alonzo, A., Brassil, J., Taylor, J. L., Martin, D., & Loo, C. K. (2012). Daily transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) leads to greater increases in cortical excitability than second daily transcranial direct current stimulation. Brain Stimulation, 5(3), 208-213 . Doi:10.1016/j.brs.2011.04.006
Ataeimehr, N., Babakhani, V., Alijani, F., & Pouyamanesh, J. (2023). Comparing the Effectiveness of Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy and Self-Regulation Couple Therapy in Ego Strength in Couples on the Verge of Divorce. Journal of Family Relations Studies, 3(10), 17-25. Doi:10.22098/JHRS.2022.11640.1072
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 56(6), 893. Doi:10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893
Brunoni, A. R., Vanderhasselt, M.-A., Boggio, P. S., Fregni, F., Dantas, E. M., Mill, J. G., Lotufo, P. A., & Benseñor, I. M. (2013). Polarity-and valence-dependent effects of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation on heart rate variability and salivary cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(1), 58-66. Doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.04.020
Callan, D., & Perrey, S. (2019). The use of tDCS and rTMS methods in neuroergonomics. In Neuroergonomics (pp. 31-33). Elsevier. Doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-811926-6.00005-1
Clarke, P. J., Van Bockstaele, B., Marinovic, W., Howell, J. A., Boyes, M. E., & Notebaert, L. (2020). The effects of left DLPFC tDCS on emotion regulation, biased attention, and emotional reactivity to negative content. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 20, 1323-1335. Doi:10.3758/s13415-020-00840-2
D’Urso, G., Dini, M., Bonato, M., Gallucci, S., Parazzini, M., Maiorana, N., Bortolomasi, M., Priori, A., & Ferrucci, R. (2022). Simultaneous bilateral frontal and bilateral cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation in treatment-resistant depression—clinical effects and electrical field modelling of a novel electrodes montage. Biomedicines, 10(7), 1681. Doi:10.3390/biomedicines10071681
Davis, D., Shaver, P. R., & Vernon, M. L. (2003). Physical, emotional, and behavioral reactions to breaking up: The roles of gender, age, emotional involvement, and attachment style. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 29(7), 871-884. Doi: 10.1177/0146167203029007006
De Raedt, R., Remue, J., Loeys, T., Hooley, J. M., & Baeken, C. (2017). The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex on implicit self-esteem is mediated by rumination after criticism. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 99, 138-146. Doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.10.009
del Palacio-Gonzalez, A., Clark, D. A., & O’Sullivan, L. F. (2017). Distress severity following a romantic breakup is associated with positive relationship memories among emerging adults. Emerging Adulthood, 5(4), 259-267. Doi:10.1177/2167696817704117
Donald, M., Dower, J., Correa-Velez, I., & Jones, M. (2006). Risk and protective factors for medically serious suicide attempts: a comparison of hospital-based with population-based samples of young adults. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(1), 87-96. Doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01747.x
Field, T. (2011). Romantic breakups, heartbreak and bereavement—Romantic breakups. Psychology, 2(04), 382. Doi:10.4236/psych.2011.24060
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(8), 1311-1327. Doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00113-6
Ghassemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N., & Ebrahimkhani, N. (2005). Psychometric properties of a Persian‐language version of the Beck Depression Inventory‐Second edition: BDI‐II‐PERSIAN. Depression and anxiety, 21(4), 185-192. Doi:10.1002/da.20070
Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British journal of medical psychology. Doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x
Hecht, D. (2010). Depression and the hyperactive right-hemisphere. Neuroscience research, 68(2), 77-87. Doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.06.013
Hyde, J., Carr, H., Kelley, N., Seneviratne, R., Reed, C., Parlatini, V., Garner, M., Solmi, M., Rosson, S., & Cortese, S. (2022). Efficacy of neurostimulation across mental disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis of 208 randomized controlled trials. Molecular Psychiatry, 27(6), 2709-2719. Doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01524-8
Jafari, E., Alizadehgoradel, J., Koluri, F. P., Nikoozadehkordmirza, E., Refahi, M., Taherifard, M., Nejati, V., Hallajian, A.-H., Ghanavati, E., & Vicario, C. M. (2021). Intensified electrical stimulation targeting lateral and medial prefrontal cortices for the treatment of social anxiety disorder: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, dose-comparison study. Brain Stimulation, 14(4), 974-986. Doi:10.1016/j.brs.2021.06.005
Luo, Y., Fernández, G., Hermans, E., Vogel, S., Zhang, Y., Li, H., & Klumpers, F. (2018). How acute stress may enhance subsequent memory for threat stimuli outside the focus of attention: DLPFC-amygdala decoupling. NeuroImage, 171, 311-322. Doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.010
Magyar-Moe, J. L. (2009). Therapist's guide to positive psychological interventions. Academic press.
McKiernan, A., Ryan, P., McMahon, E., Bradley, S., & Butler, E. (2018). Understanding young people's relationship breakups using the dual processing model of coping and bereavement. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 23(3), 192-210. Doi:10.1080/15325024.2018.1426979
Morawetz, C., Bode, S., Baudewig, J., Kirilina, E., & Heekeren, H. R. (2016). Changes in effective connectivity between dorsal and ventral prefrontal regions moderate emotion regulation. Cerebral Cortex, 26(5), 1923-1937. Doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv005
Najib, A., Lorberbaum, J. P., Kose, S., Bohning, D. E., & George, M. S. (2004). Regional brain activity in women grieving a romantic relationship breakup. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(12), 2245-2256. Doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2245
Nejati, V., Majidinezhad, M., & Nitsche, M. (2022). The role of the dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in emotion regulation in females with major depressive disorder (MDD): A tDCS study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 148, 149-158. Doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.030
Nitsche, M. A., Koschack, J., Pohlers, H., Hullemann, S., Paulus, W., & Happe, S. (2012). Effects of frontal transcranial direct current stimulation on emotional state and processing in healthy humans. Frontiers in psychiatry, 3, 58. Doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00058
Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2001). Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans. Neurology, 57(10), 1899-1901. Doi:10.1212/WNL.57.10.1899GET ACCESS
Palm, U., Leitner, B., Strube, W., Hasan, A., & Padberg, F. (2015). Safety of repeated twice-daily 30 minutes of 2 mA tDCS in depressed patients. Doi:10.9734/INDJ/2015/19719
Porzoor, P., & Ghorbani Polkoei, H. (2023). The role of self-compassion, patience and optimism with an attitude towards Islamic sources in predicting the tendency of couples to divorce. Journal of Family Relations Studies, 3(10), 37-43. Doi:10.22098/JFRS.2023.12302.1103
Rosse, R. B. (2007). The love trauma syndrome: free yourself from the pain of a broken heart. Da Capo Lifelong Books. https://www.google.com/books/edition/
Salehinejad, M. A., Ghanavai, E., Rostami, R., & Nejati, V. (2017). Cognitive control dysfunction in emotion dysregulation and psychopathology of major depression (MD): Evidence from transcranial brain stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Journal of affective disorders, 210, 241-248. Doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.036
Sbarra, D. A. (2006). Predicting the onset of emotional recovery following nonmarital relationship dissolution: Survival analyses of sadness and anger. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 32(3), 298-312. Doi:10.1177/0146167205280913
Schmitz, T. W., Rowley, H. A., Kawahara, T. N., & Johnson, S. C. (2006). Neural correlates of self-evaluative accuracy after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychologia, 44(5), 762-773. Doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.07.012
Slotter, E. B., Gardner, W. L., & Finkel, E. J. (2010). Who am I without you? The influence of romantic breakup on the self-concept. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 36(2), 147-160. Doi:10.1177/0146167209352250
Van der Watt, A. S. J., Kidd, M., Roos, A., Lesch, E., & Seedat, S. (2023). Romantic relationship dissolutions are significantly associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms as compared to a DSM-5 Criterion A event: a case-case–control comparison. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 14(2), 2238585. Doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2238585
Vanderhasselt, M.-A., Brunoni, A. R., Loeys, T., Boggio, P. S., & De Raedt, R. (2013). Nosce te ipsum–Socrates revisited? Controlling momentary ruminative self-referent thoughts by neuromodulation of emotional working memory. Neuropsychologia, 51(13), 2581-2589. Doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.08.011
Vicario, C. M., Salehinejad, M. A., Avenanti, A., & Nitsche, M. A. (2020). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in anxiety disorders. Non invasive brain stimulation in psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 301-317. Doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43356-7_21
Xiang, S., Qi, S., Li, Y., Wang, L., Dai, D. Y., & Hu, W. (2021). Trait anxiety moderates the effects of tDCS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 177, 110804. Doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110804
Zemestani, M., Hoseinpanahi, O., Salehinejad, M. A., & Nitsche, M. A. (2022). The impact of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on theory of mind, emotion regulation and emotional‐behavioral functions in children with autism disorder: A randomized, sham‐controlled, and parallel‐group study. Autism Research, 15(10), 1985-2003. Doi:10.1002/aur.2803
Zhang, Q., Li, X., Liu, X., Liu, S., Zhang, M., Liu, Y., Zhu, C., & Wang, K. (2022). The effect of non-invasive brain stimulation on the downregulation of negative emotions: a meta-analysis. Brain Sciences, 12(6), 786. Doi:10.3390/brainsci12060786
Zhou, Q., Yu, C., Yu, H., Zhang, Y., Liu, Z., Hu, Z., Yuan, T.-F., & Zhou, D. (2020). The effects of repeated transcranial direct current stimulation on sleep quality and depression symptoms in patients with major depression and insomnia. Sleep medicine, 70, 17-26. Doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.02.003
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 637
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 527
