The relationship of shyness and neuroticism with social anxiety: The mediating role of effortful control

Moghadam, Ali; Mikaeli Manee, Farzaneh; Abkhiz, Sheler

doi:10.22098/jrp.2022.11082.1114

دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی

تعداد نشریات	31
تعداد شماره‌ها	471
تعداد مقالات	4,151
تعداد مشاهده مقاله	6,933,492
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله	4,679,653

	The relationship of shyness and neuroticism with social anxiety: The mediating role of effortful control
Journal of Research in Psychopathology
مقاله 3، دوره 3، شماره 9، 2022، صفحه 15-27 اصل مقاله (1.11 M)
نوع مقاله: Original Article
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22098/jrp.2022.11082.1114
نویسندگان
Ali Moghadam¹؛ Farzaneh Mikaeli Manee^* ²؛ Sheler Abkhiz³
¹Masters graduate of general psychology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
²Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature &amp;amp; Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
³Masters graduate of educational psychology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
چکیده
The current study aimed at investigating the relationship of shyness and neuroticism with social anxiety taking into account the mediating role of effortful control. The research method was descriptive-correlational of structural equation modeling. The population included all high school students (adolescents) in the cities of Tehran province studying in one of the public schools of these cities in the year 2021. The sample was selected from the cities of Tehran province by multi-stage cluster sampling (197 girls and 210 boys). Four standard questionnaires including Revised Cheek-Briggs Shyness Scale (1990), Short form of Five Personality Factors Questionnaire (2006), Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (1998) and Effortful Control Scale (2003) were used to collect data. The data were analyzed in two sections: descriptive statistics using SPSS₂₃ software and inferential statistics using structural equation modeling in Amos software. The results revealed that only the relationship between shyness with social anxiety (β = 0.46, t = 5.081, sig = 0.000) and shyness with effortful control (β = -0.54, t = 5.985, sig = 0.000) were significant (positively and negatively, respectively). Effortful control does not mediate the effect of neuroticism on social anxiety and the effect of shyness on social anxiety. Correspondingly, neuroticism has no effect on social anxiety. Conversely, the whole model comprising the combination of shyness, neuroticism, and effortful control variables could explain social anxiety (R² = 27.4%) and the model had an acceptable fit.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Social anxiety؛ Adolescents؛ Effortful control Shyness؛ Neuroticism

مراجع
Abdollahi, A., Ahmed, A. A. A., Suksatan, W., Kumar, T., Majeed, M. S., Zainal, A. G., ... & Allen, K. A. (2022). Courage: a potential mediator of the relationship between personality and social anxiety. Psychological Studies, 67(1), 53-62. doi:10.1007/s12646-022-00641-2 Abdollahi, A., Abu Talib, M., Reza Vakili Mobarakeh, M., Momtaz, V., & Kavian Mobarake, R. (2016). Body-esteem mediates the relationship between self-esteem and social anxiety: The moderating roles of weight and gender. Child Care in Practice, 22(3), 296–308. doi:10.1080/13575279.2015.1054787 Allan, N. P., Oglesby, M. E., Uhl, A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017). Cognitive risk factors explain the relations between neuroticism and social anxiety for males and females. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 46(3), 224-238. doi:10.1080/16506073.2016.1238503 American Psychiatric Association.(2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. Burstein, M., Ameli-Grillon, L., Merikangas, K. R. (2011). Shyness versus social phobia in US youth. Pediatrics, 128 (5), 917–25.doi:10.1542/peds.2011-1434 Bagby, R. M., Uliaszek, A. A., Gralnick, T. M., & Al-Dajani, N. (2017). Axis I disorders. In T. A. Widiger (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of the five factor model (pp. 479–506). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1037/pas0000523 Cheek, J. (1983). The Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (RCBS)(Unpublished). Wellesley College, MA. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.18841.75363 Coplan, R. J., & Arbeau, K. A. (2008). The stresses of a “brave new world”: Shyness and school adjustment in kindergarten. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 22, 377–389. doi:10.1080/02568540809594634 Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual . Odessa, FL: Psychological Assess-ment Resources. Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1997). Stability and change in personality assessment: The Revised NEO Personality Inventory in the Year 2000. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(1), 86–94. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa6801_7 Costache, M. E., Frick, A., Månsson, K., Engman, J., Faria, V., Hjorth, O., ... & Furmark, T. (2020). Higher-and lower-order personality traits and cluster subtypes in social anxiety disorder. PloS one, 15(4), e0232187. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232187 Creswell, C., Waite, P., & Cooper, P. J. (2014). Assessment and management of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 99, 674–678. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-303768 de Lijster, J. M., Dieleman, G. C., Utens, E. M., Dierckx, B., Wierenga, M., Verhulst, F. C., & Legerstee, J. S. (2018). Social and academic functioning in adolescents with anxiety disorders: A systematic review. Journal of affective disorders, 230, 108-117. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.008 D’Souza, L., Gowda, H. M. R., & Gowda, D. K. S. (2006). Relationship between shyness and fear among high school students. Pakistan Journal of psychological Research, 21, 53-60. https://www.pjprnip.edu.pk/index.php/pjpr/article/view/231 Eggum-Wilkens, N. D., Reichenberg, R. E., Eisenberg, N., & Spinrad, T. L. (2016). Components of effortful control and their relations to children’s shyness. International journal of behavioral development, 40(6), 544-554. doi:10.1177/0165025415597792 Eisenberg, N., Taylor, Z. E., Widaman, K. F., & Spinrad, T. L. (2015). Externalizing symptoms, effortful control, and intrusive parenting: A test of bidirectional longitudinal relations during early childhood. Development and psychopathology, 27(4pt1), 953-968. doi:10.1017/S0954579415000620 Ellis, L. K., & Rothbart, M. K. (2001). Revision of the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire. Minneapolis: Minnesota. Findlay, L. C., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, A. (2009). Keeping it all inside: Shyness, internalizing coping strategies and socio-emotional adjustment in middle childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33(1), 47-54. doi:10.1177%2F0165025408098017 Glinski, K., & Page, A. C. (2010). Modifiability of neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness by group cognitive behaviour therapy for social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Change, 27(01), 42–52. doi.org/10.1375/bech.27.1.42 Hajloo, N., Sobhi-Gharamaleki, N., & Farajiyan, A. (2015). Causal modeling of student's social phobia based on emotional intelligence, social skills, self-esteem, and shyness. Journal of School Psychology, 4(3), 23-46. [Persian] https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=540157 Hasanvand Amouzadeh, M. (2012). The relationship between shyness, self-esteem, self-efficacy and assertiveness with social anxiety. Journal OF Social Psychology (New Findings In Psychology), 7(24), 35-56. [Persian] https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=336060 Henderson, L., Zimbardo, P. G., & Carducci, B. J. (2001). Shyness. In W. E. Craighead & C. B. Nemeroff (Eds.), The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology and behavioral science (Vol. 4, pp. 1522-1523). New York, NY: John Wiley. Heiser, N. A., Turner, S. M., & Beidel, D. C. (2003). Shyness: Relationship to social phobia and other psychiatric disorders. Behaviour research and therapy, 41(2), 209-221.doi: 10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00003-7 Hirshfeld-Becker, D., Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J., Morris, T., March, J. (2004). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Guilford Press. Haghshenass, H. (2007). Five-factor design of personality traits: A guide to the interpretation and norms of the NEO PI-R and NEO FFI tests. Fars University of Medical Sciences and Health Services: Shiraz. Hofmann, S. G., Heinrichs, N., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2004). The nature and expression of social phobia: Toward a new classification. Clinical psychology review, 24(7), 769-797.doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.07.004 Johnson, S. L., Carver, C. H., Joormannc, J., & Cuccaro, M. L. (2016). Genetic polymorphisms related to behavioral approach and behavioral inhibition scales. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 251-255. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.024 Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Wittchen, H. U. (2012). Twelve‐month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. International journal of methods in psychiatric research, 21(3), 169-184. doi:10.1002/mpr.1359 Kaplan, S. C., Levinson, C. A., Rodebaugh, T. L., Menatti, A., & Weeks, J. W. (2015). Social anxiety and the Big Five personality traits: the interactive relationship of trust and openness. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 44(3), 212-222. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2015.1008032 Khorsandi, F., Kamkar, M., Malekpour, M. (2010). Relation of five basic factors of personality and self -regulated of learning approach among Isfahan girls and boys high school students in academic year 1386-87. New Educational Approaches , 5(2), 41-64. . [Persian] https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=154536 La Greca, A. M., & Lopez, N. (1998). Social anxiety among adolescents: Linkages with peer relations and friendships. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 26(2), 83-94. doi: 10.1023/a:1022684520514 Lahey, B. B. (2009). Public health significance of neuroticism. American Psychologist, 64(4), 241. doi:10.1037/a0015309 Lawrence, B., & Bennett, S. (1992). Shyness and education: the relationship between shyness, social class and personality variables in adolescents. The British journal of educational psychology, 62 ( Pt 2), 257–263. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1992.tb01019.x Masten, A. S. (2006). Developmental psychopathology: Pathways to the future. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 37, 41-54. doi:10.1177/0165025406059974 Mikaeli Manee, F., Asadi Mojreh, S. (2016). The correlation of neuroticism with symptoms of depression and anxiety in students according to the mediating role of worry and rumination. Journal of Research and Health., 6(1), 175-85. [Persian] http://jrh.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-592-en.html Mikaeli Manee, F., Fathi, G. (2018). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Tehran: Miad Andisheh Publications. [Persian] Moriya, J. (2018). Association between social anxiety and visual mental imagery of neutral scenes: The moderating role of effortful control. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2323. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02323 Morrison, A. S., Mateen, M. A., Brozovich, F. A., Zaki, J., Goldin, P. R., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2016). Empathy for positive and negative emotions in social anxiety disorder. Behaviour research and therapy, 87, 232-242. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.10.005 Mun, C., Dishion, T., Tein, J., & Otten, R. (2018). Adolescence effortful control as a mediator between family ecology and problematic substance use in early adulthood: A 16-year prospective study. Development and Psychopathology, 30(4), 1355-1369. doi:10.1017/s0954579417001742 Muris, P., Huijding, J., Mayer, B., den Breejen, E., & Makkelie M. (2007). Spider fear and covariation bias in children and adolescents. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45(11), 2604-2615. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.06.002 Muris, P., Dreessen, L., Bögels, S., Weckx, M., & van Melick, M. (2004). A questionnaire for screening a broad range of DSM‐defined anxiety disorder symptoms in clinically referred children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(4), 813-820. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00274.x Muris, P., Meesters, C. M., & Van Brakel, A. (2003). Assessment of anxious rearing behaviors with a modiﬁed version of ‘‘Egna Minnen Bestra ¨ffende Uppfostran’’ Questionnaire for Children. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 25, 229-237. doi:10.1023/A:1025894928131 Muris, P., Meesters, C., & Van Den Berg, S. (2003). Internalizing and externalizing problems as correlates of self-reported attachment style and perceived parental rearing in normal adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 12, 171-183. doi:10.1023/A:1022858715598 Matsushima, R., Shiomi, K. & Kuhlman, D. (2000). Shyness in Self-Disclosure Mediated by Social Skill. Psychological reports,. 86, 333-8. doi:10.2466/PR0.86.1.333-338 Merikangas, K. R., He, J. p., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., & Avenevoli, S. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in US adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 980–989. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 Newby, J., Pitura, V. A., Penney, A. M., Klein, R. G., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2017). Neuroticism and perfectionism as predictors of social anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 263-267. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.057 Niditch, L. A., & Varela, R. E. (2018). A longitudinal study of inhibited temperament, effortful control, gender, and anxiety in early childhood. Child & Youth Care Forum, 47, 463–479 .doi: 10.1007/s10566-018-9447-0 Ogliari, A., Spatola, C. A., Pesenti-Gritti, P., Medda, E., & Penna, L. (2010). The role of genes and environment in shaping co-occurrence of DSM-IV defined anxiety dimensions among Italian twins aged 8–17. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 433–439. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12675 Olson, S. L., Choe, D. E., & Sameroff, A. J. (2017). Trajectories of child externalizing problems between ages 3 and 10 years: Contributions of children's early effortful control, theory of mind, and parenting experiences. Development and Psychopathology, 29(4), 1333-1351. doi:10.1017/S095457941700030X Orta, I. M., Corapci, F., Yagmurlu, B., & Aksan, N. (2013). The mediational role of effortful control and emotional dysregulation in the link between maternal responsiveness and Turkish preschoolers' social competency and externalizing symptoms. Infant and Child Development, 22(5), 459–479. doi:10.1002/icd.1806 Ostovar, S., & Razavieh, A. (2013). The study of psychometric properties of social anxiety scale for adolescents (SAS-A) for use in Iran, 3(12), 69-78. [Persian] https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=386751 Paauw, M. T. (2020). A study examining the relationship between personality traits and self-regulation (Master's thesis). Paulus, D. J., Vanwoerden, S., Norton, P. J., & Sharp, C. (2016). From neuroticism to anxiety: Examining unique contributions of three transdiagnostic vulnerability factors. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 38-43. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.012 Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science. Annual review of psychology, 58, 1. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085516 Poole, K. L., Van Lieshout, R. J., & Schmidt, L. A. (2017). Exploring relations between shyness and social anxiety disorder: The role of sociability. Personality and Individual Differences, 110, 55-59. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.020 Phillips, B. M. (2003). Effortful Control as a Temperamental Trait in Children and Adolescents: Construct Validation and Relation to Symptoms of Psychopathology. Psychology Phd Degree, Florida State University, Tallahassee. Pérez-Edgar, K. (2015). Effortful control in adolescence: Individual differences within a unique developmental window. In G. Oettingen & P. M. Gollwitzer (Eds.), The Jacobs Foundation series on adolescence. Self-regulation in adolescence (p. 78–99). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139565790.005 Rahm-Knigge, R.. L., Prince, M. A., Conner, B. T. (2018). Social interaction anxiety and personality traits predicting engagement in health risk sexual behaviors. Journal of anxiety disorders, 57, 57-65. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.05.002 Rajabi, G., & Abasi, G. A. (2011). A Study of Factorial Structure (construct validity) of the Persian Version of the Revised Shyness Scale among Students. Iranian JournalL Of Psychology And Clinical Psychology, 16 (4) ,456-467. http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1210-fa.html Raines, E. M., Viana, A. G., Trent, E. S., Woodward, E. C., Candelari, A. E., Zvolensky, M. J., & Storch, E. A. (2019). Effortful control, interpretation biases, and child anxiety symptom severity in a sample of children with anxiety disorders. Journal of anxiety disorders, 67, 102136. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102136 Raines, E. M., Viana, A. G., Trent, E. S., Conroy, H. E., Silva, K., Zvolensky, M. J., & Storch, E. A. (2021). Effortful Control Moderates the Relation Between Negative Emotionality and Child Anxiety and Depressive Symptom Severity in Children with Anxiety Disorders. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 1-9. doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01218-2 Razavi, A., Kazemi, S., & Mohammadi, M. (2012). Relationship between personality traits, coping style and social anxiety among blind and normal sighted students in universities of fars Province. Psychology of Exceptional Individuals, 1(4), 109-134. [Persian] https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=250955 Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (1998). Temperament. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 3. Social, emotional and personality development (5th ed., pp. 105-176). New York: Wiley Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2006). Temperament. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.) Handbook of child psychology. Vol. 3. Social, emotional, personality development (6th ed., pp. 99-166). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., Hershey, K. L., & Fisher, P. (2001). Investigations of temperament at three to seven years: The Children’s Behavior Questionnaire. Child Development, 72(5), 1394–1408. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00355 Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, J. C. (2009). Social withdrawal in childhood. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 141–171. doi:10.1146/annurev. psych.60.110707.163642. Scott, G. G., Boyle, E. A., Czerniawska, K., & Courtney, A. (2017). Posting photos on Facebook: The impact of narcissism, social anxiety, loneliness, and shyness. Personality and Individual Differences, 133, 67–72. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.039 Sajjadian Khosroshahi, M., & Mikaeli Manee, F. (2020).The role of mothers 'parental control and fear of negative evaluation in predicting students' social anxiety. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi, 8(12), 65-72. [Persian] http://ensani.ir/fa/article/author/202194 Santens, E., Claes, L., Dierckx, E., & Dom, G. (2020). Effortful control–A transdiagnostic dimension underlying internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Neuropsychobiology, 79(4), 255-269. doi:10.1159/000506134 Schmidt, L. A., & Fox, N. A. (1995). Individual differences in young adults' shyness and sociability: Personality and health correlates. Personality and individual differences, 19(4), 455-462. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00083-I Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization model. Psychological bulletin, 92(3), 641. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.641 Scaini, S., Belotti, R., & Ogliari, A. (2014). Genetic and environmental contributions to social anxiety across different ages: A meta-analytic approach to twin data. Journal of anxiety disorders, 28(7), 650-656. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.07.002 Shamir-Essakow, G., Ungerer, J. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2005). Attachment, behavioral inhibition, and anxiety in preschool children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(2), 131-143. doi: 10.1007/s10802-005-1822-2 Stein, M. B., Chen, C. Y., Jain, S., Jensen, K. P., He, F., Heeringa, S. G., ... & Army STARRS Collaborators. (2017). Genetic risk variants for social anxiety. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 174(2), 120-131. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32520 Tortella-Feliu, M., Aguayo, B., Sesé, A., Morillas-Romero, A., Balle, M., Gelabert, J. M., Bornas, X., & Llabrés, J. (2012). Effects of temperament and emotion regulation styles in determining negative emotional states. Actas espanolas de psiquiatria, 40(6), 315–322. PMID: 23165414. Tamannefar, M. & Tovliat, V. S. (2015). The Prediction of Social Anxiety Based on Self-Assertion and Self-Efficac. Journal of Personality Individual Didderences. 4 (9), 115-132. [Persian] https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=284406 Vreeke, L. J., & Muris, P. (2012). Relations Between Behavioral Inhibition, Big Five Personality Factors, and Anxiety Disorder Symptoms in Non-Clinical and Clinically Anxious Children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 43(6), 884–894. doi: 10.1007/s10578-012-0302-5 Vassilopoulos, S. P., Brouzos, A., Moberly, N. J., & Spyropoulou, M. (2017). Linking shyness to social anxiety in children through the Clark and Wells cognitive model. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 14(1), 1–19. doi:10.1080/03069885.2015.1057474 Vinograd, M., Williams, A., Sun, M., Bobova, L., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Vrshek-Schallhorn, S., Mineka, S., Zinbarg, R. E., & Craske, M. G. (2020). Neuroticism and Interpretive Bias as Risk Factors for Anxiety and Depression. Clinical Psychological Science, 8(4), 641–656. doi:10.1177/2167702620906145 Weeks, M., Ooi, L. L., & Coplan, R. J. (2016). Cognitive biases and the link between shyness and social anxiety in early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 36(8), 1095-1117. doi:10.1177%2F0272431615593175 White, L. K., McDermott, J. M., Degnan, K. A., Henderson, H. A., & Fox, N. A. (2011). Behavioral inhibition and anxiety: The moderating roles of inhibitory control and attention shifting. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(5), 735–747. doi: 10.1007/s10802-011-9490-x Wilson, B. J., Dauterman, H. A., Frey, K. S., Rutter, T. M., Myers, J., Zhou, V., & Bisi, E. (2021). Effortful control moderates the relation between negative emotionality and socially appropriate behavior. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 207, 105119. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105119 Wang, F. L., Chassin, L., Eisenberg, N., & Spinrad, T. L. (2015). Effortful control predicts adolescent antisocial‐aggressive behaviors and depressive symptoms: Co‐occurrence and moderation by impulsivity. Child development, 86(6), 1812-1829. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12406 Widiger, T. A. (2009). Neuroticism. In M. R. Leary & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 129–146). The Guilford Press. Wittchen, H. U., Stein, M. B., & Kessler, R. C. (1999). Social fears and social phobia in a community sample of adolescents and young adults: prevalence, risk factors and co-morbidity. Psychological medicine, 29(2), 309-323. doi:10.1017/s0033291798008174 Yusoff, M. S. B., Hadie, S. N. H., & Yasin, M. A. M. (2021). The roles of emotional intelligence, neuroticism, and academic stress on the relationship between psychological distress and burnout in medical students. BMC medical education, 21(1), 1-10. doi:10.1186/s12909-021-02733-5 Zhao, J., Kong, F., & Wang, Y. (2013). The role of social support and self-esteem in the relationship between shyness and loneliness. Journal of Personality and Individual Difference, 54, 577-581. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.003 Zimbardo, P. G., Pilkonis, P. A., Marnell, M. E. (1990). Shyness: what it is, what to do about it. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Zhu, J., Xiao, B., Li, Y., Xie, M., & Zhang, L. (2022). Shyness and Socio-emotional Adjustment Difficulties in Urban Chinese Kindergartners: The Moderating Role of Child Effortful Control. Early Education and Development, 1-17. doi:10.1080/10409289.2022.2051792
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,587 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,068

سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب

پیوندهای مفید

آمار

The relationship of shyness and neuroticism with social anxiety: The mediating role of effortful control