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Comparison of material and energy indicators in sunflower and pumpkin seed production systems | ||
| SUSTAINABILITY RESEARCH: Technology Development and Assessment | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 12 آذر 1403 اصل مقاله (1.11 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Original Article | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22098/sr.2024.14811.1020 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Zeynab Ramedani1؛ Mohammad Lotfi1؛ Ali Veisi1؛ Kamran Kheiralipour* 2 | ||
| 1Razi University | ||
| 2Ilam University | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Introduction: Seed production is one of the main steps in the agricultural sector. Comparing the material and energy amounts of inputs and outputs of seed production systems in a region allows for better management of agricultural fields. Sunflower and pumpkin are among the most important oilseeds and nut crops in the world, whose cultivation has expanded greatly in recent years. The production of these two crops, whether for oil production in industrial applications or as nuts, requires the use of various inputs. Materials and Methods: In the present study, the flow of material and energy in sunflower and pumpkin seed production systems, the main oilseed crops, was examined and compared. The amount and equivalent energy of input-output, the share of input energy, and the energy indicators of sunflower and pumpkin seed production farms were calculated in the present study. Information on the production of these products were collected through face-to-face interviews with 50 sunflower seed producers and 30 pumpkin seed producers. Results and discussion: The input energies in sunflower cultivation included human power, machinery, fuel, chemical fertilizer, animal manure, electricity, and seeds. In pumpkin cultivation, fewer inputs were used in the field, including human power, machinery, fuel, and seeds. In order to obtain the amount of energy input to the farms in various agricultural operations and the energy output from the farms, the consumption of each input per hectare was calculated and multiplied by their energy equivalent. Direct energy sources whose energy is directly released into the system included human power, fuel, and electricity, and indirect energy sources whose energy was consumed for their production included seeds, fertilizers, chemical pesticides, and machinery. Human power, seeds, and animal manure were placed in the category of renewable energies, and electricity, fuel, pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and machinery were placed in the category of non-renewable energies. Based on the energy equivalents of inputs and outputs, different indicators including energy ratio, energy efficiency, energy intensity, and net energy gain were calculated. The amount of input energies in sunflower and pumpkin production systems were 19.95 and 10.53 GJ.ha-1, respectively, and the amounts of material and energy output in sunflower production were 1192.66 kg. ha-1 and 32440.31 MJ ha-1, respectively, and in pumpkin seed production farms were 898.64 kg ha-1 and 23184.98 MJ ha-1, respectively. The amounts of energy for labor, machinery, fuel, animal manure, and electricity in the sunflower seed production system were higher than that of pumpkin; however, the amounts of energy consumed for chemical fertilizer and seed were higher than that of sunflower. In the sunflower production system, the most energy used was related to fuel input, which was 6974.26 MJ ha-1. The value of the energy intensity indicator in the sunflower production system was equal to 16.72 MJ.kg-1, while the value of this indicator in the pumpkin seed production was calculated as 11.72 MJ.kg-1. Although the average energy input in the sunflower production farms was higher than that in the pumpkin production farms, the seed productivity in the sunflower seed production (68.19 kg seed output/kg seed input) was better than that in the pumpkin production farm (32.20 kg seed output/kg seed input). Although the energy output of the sunflower seed production was higher than that of the pumpkin seed production system, the energy efficiency of the pumpkin seed production (2.20) was higher than that of the sunflower seed production system (1.62). In the sunflower farms, the largest share of energy belonged to diesel fuel (34.95%), while chemical fertilizer had the largest share (73.54%) in the pumpkin production farms. Conclusion: Renewable energy in the sunflower production system constituted only 8% of the total energy input to the farm. This low share indicates a low use of inputs that can be returned to the environment. The ratio of renewable energy to total energy input in the pumpkin production system was also similar to that of sunflower. The share of renewable energy in pumpkin and sunflower production systems can be increased by reducing the share of nonrenewable energy such as fuel consumption, by improving the management of mechanized operations on farms. Also, solar and wind energy can be considered in the generation of electricity for irrigation and animal manure and compost can be used instead of chemical fertilizers as much as possible. The results obtained in the present research are useful for managing inputs and outputs by optimizing consumptions and operations in the production of the studied products. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| Seeds؛ Input-output؛ Materials؛ Energy؛ Sunflower؛ Pumpkin | ||
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آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 306 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 221 |
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