References
- Adler, E., & Clark, R. (2008). How It's Done: An Introduction to Social Research.Mason: Cengage Learning.
- Ahmed, W & Meggs, J. (2022). Online abuse in sport: why athletes are targeted and how they can end up winning, The Conversation. 07.01.2022.
- Alvarez, L. (2013). Charges Dropped in Cyberbullying Death, but Sheriff Isn't Backing Down. The New York Times Magazine, Retrieved fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/22/us/chargesdropped-against-florida-girls-accused-in-cyberbullyingdeath (accessed November 10, 2014).
- Khaghani Avar, F & Shanvaz, B. (2016). A Study of Verbal and Virtual Violence of Football Spectators in Iran (Causes and Strategies). Quarterly Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. 1(4): 40-54. (In Persian)
- Binns, A. (2012). Don't Feed the Trolls! Managing trouble [1] makers in magazines' online communities. Journalism Practice 6 (4):547–62.
- Bostani, M & Pooladi, k. (2017). A Study of the Elements of the Public Sphere In Habermas's Thought, Journal of Political Science, Islamic Azad University, vol 38(13) 21-42
- Boyatzis, RE. (1998). Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Braun, V, Clarke, V. (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3: 77–101
- Brown, C. (2009). www.hate.com: White supremacist discourse on the Internet and the construction of whiteness ideology. The Howard Journal of Communications, 20, 189-208.
- Buckels, E. E., P. D. Trapnell, and D. L. Paulhus. (2014). Trolls just want to have fun. Personality and Individual Differences 67:97–102.
- Case, C, king, D. (2018). Internet Trolling Victimization: An Empirical Examination of Incidence in Undergraduate Business Students, Journal of research in higher education, vol 34
- Cela, E, (2015), Social Media as a New Form of Public Sphere, European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research, vo l4, Nr.1
- Clarke, V., Braun, V., & Hayfield, N. (2015). Thematic analysis. In J. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods, sage publication, (3rd ed., pp. 222-248).
- Cleland, J. (2014). Online Message Boards: How Social Media Has Added a New Dimension to Racist Discourse in English Football, Journal of Sports and Social, Issues 2014, Vol. 38(5) 415–431
- Cleland, J. (2014). Racism, football fans, and online message board: How social media has added a new dimension to racist discourse in English football. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 38, 5, 415-431
- Crump, J. (2011). What are the Police doing on Twitter? Social Media, the Police and the Public. Policy & Internet 3(4):1–27.
- Daly, J., Kellehear, A., & Gliksman, M. (1997). The public health researcher: A methodological approach. Melbourne: Oxford University Press
- Dehghan, A, & Hassani, H, (2012). From fan culture to virtual sports fan publications, analysis: Blogs of fans of Esteghlal Tehran football team, Quarterly Journal of Communication Research, 2012, Vol.18, No.4 (68), 107-133
- Della Cava, M. (2017). Facebook takes on revenge porn. USA Today, April 7, 3B. Fearn, N. (2017). Twitter and the Scourge of Cyberbullying IDGConnect.com, January 30, Retrieved from http://www.idgconnect.com/abstract/24146/twitter-scourge-cyberbullying
- Elgujja, A & Arimoro, A. (2019). When Dissent by Football Fans on Social Media Turns to Hate: Call for Stricter Measures, research gate publication, 10.13140/RG.2.2.21508.27524.
- ElSherief, M & Nguyen, D & Wang, W & Belding, E. (2018). Hate Lingo: A Target-based Linguistic Analysis of Hate Speech in Social Media, research gate publication, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1804.04257
- Etienne, F, (2022). Swiss tease Switzerland fans brutally troll Italy after World Cup qualifying KO with Google-themed banner in England loss at Wembley, retrieved from: https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/football/18077789/switzerland-troll-italy-world-cup-banner/ (Accessed:26 March 20
- Fichman, P. & Sanfilippo, M. R. (2016). Online Trolling and Its Perpetrators: Under the Cyberbridge. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield
- Gadhia, K. (2015) The relationship between football clubs and social media, Retrieved from: https://www.lovingsocialmedia.com/the-relationship-between-football-clubs-and-social-media/ (Accessed: 23 March 2021).
- Golder, S. A., and Donath. J. (2004). Social roles in electronic communities, the International Conference of Internet Research, September 22, Brighton, England.
- Graney, N (2019). Is internet trolling simply replacing the violence we used to see on the football terraces?, Retrieved from: https://rokerreport.sbnation.com/2019/8/5/20751460/is-internet-trolling-simply-replacing-the-violence-we-used-to-see-on-the-football-terraces
- Habermas, J. (1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (originally published in German in 1962). Cambridge: Polity Press
- Habermas, J. (1985). The Theory of Communicative Action: Reason and the Rationalization of Society. Translated by Thomas McCarthy. Boston: Beacon Press.
- Habermas, J. (1991). The Structural Transformation of Public Sphere. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
- Habermas, J. (2006). Political Communication in Media Society: Does Democracy Still Enjoy an Epistemic Dimension? The Impact of Normative Theory on Empirical Research. Communication Theory, 16:411–26.
- Hardaker, C. (2010). Trolling in asynchronous computer-mediated communication: From user discussions to academic definitions. Journal of Politeness Research 6:215–42.
- khaniki, H., atabak, M., azizi, F. (2017). The situational Analysis of virtual social networks in Iran by Habermasian’s public sphere Approach (Case study: Several Facebook groups). Journal of Culture-Communication Studies, 18(37), 101-130
- Kniffin, K, Palacio, D. (2018), Trash-Talking and Trolling, human nature journal, v29. P:353-369
- Kuper, S. (2014), Football and social media. Retrieved from http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/7593cd8c-7041-11e4-bc6a-00144feabdc0.html (Accessed: March 22, 2021)
- Lee, J. (2019), Sports, Instagram, and conflict talk in Englishes, world Englishes journal, v39
- Manivannan, V. (2014). When 'Trolling' Becomes an Umbrella Term. The New York Times Magazine, Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/room for debate/2014/08/19/the-war-against-online [1] trolls/when-trolling-becomes-an-umbrella-term (accessed November 10, 2021).
- McCluskey, M., & Hmielowski, J. (2011). Opinion expression during social conflict: Comparing online reader comments and letters to the editor. Journalism. 2012 13: 303 originally published online September 14, 2011. doi:10.1177/1464884911421696
- Moreau, E. (2017). 10 Types of Internet Troll You'll Meet Online. Lifewire.com, May 19, Retrieved fromhttps://www.lifewire.com/types-of-internet-trolls-3485894
- Nozari, H. A (2002). Habermas Rereading: An Introduction to the Opinions, Thoughts and Theories of Jürgen Habermas, Tehran: Cheshmeh Publishing.
- O'Brien, N., and N. Ralston. (2014). Charlotte Dawson Found Dead. The Sydney Morning Herald, retrieved from http://www.smh.com.a u/lifestyle/celebrity/charlotte-Dawson-found-dead-20140 222-338j6.html (accessed November 10, 2021).
- Olteanu, A., Castillo, C., Diaz, F., and Vieweg, S. (2014). CrisisLex: A lexicon for collecting and filtering microblogged communications in crises. In Proc. of ICWSM. 10.1145/2675133.2675242.
- Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
- Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The virtual sphere: the internet as a public sphere. new media & society, Vol.4 (1), 9- 27.
- Rice, P., & Ezzy, D. (1999). Qualitative research methods: A health focus. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
- Shachaf, P., and Hara. N. (2010). Beyond vandalism: Wikipedia trolls. Journal of Information Science 36 (3), 357–70.
- Theodoropoulou, S. S (2013). Performing Fan Identities: The Role of Politics in the Antagonistic Communication of Football Fans in Cyprus, FREE Conference University of Vienna, (October 2013), Vienna
|