The Mediating Role of Existential Anxiety and Conspiracy Beliefs in the Relationship Between Fear of COVID-19 and the Intention to Get Vaccinated in the Iranian Population
Journal of Family Relations Studies
دوره 2، شماره 4 ، خرداد 2022، صفحه 46-55 1.08 M )
نوع مقاله: Original Article
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22098/jhrs.2022.9901.1036 نویسندگان
Hiva Mahmoodi* 1 Sina Peighambari 2 1 Assistant Professor of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Golestan University, Gorgan - Iran2 MA of Clinical Psychology, Golestan University, Gorgan - Iranچکیده Objective The Covid-19 epidemic has caused a great deal of concern for the people, and even worse, the issue of vaccination and its dangers is still relevant today.This study aimed to mediate the role of existential anxiety and conspiracy beliefs in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and the intention to get vaccinated.Methods The type of research is a descriptive correlation. The statistical population of the study included Iranian adults in the age range of 20 to 65 years, from which 533 people were randomly selected and responded to the online survey. The data were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient method and structural equation model. Five questionnaires including fear of COVID-19, existential anxiety, Conspiracy beliefs and Intention to get vaccinated, were distributed among the research samples.Results The results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between fear of Covid-19 with existential anxiety and intention to get vaccinated (P <0.01), also, there is a positive and significant correlation between existential anxiety and conspiracy beliefs (P <0.01) and a negative and significant correlation between existential anxiety and conspiracy beliefs to get vaccinated (P <0.01).Conclusion The model analysis also showed that when there are anxiety and conspiracy theories between fear of Covid-19 and the intention to get vaccinated, people reduce their desire to get vaccinated.کلیدواژهها
Fear of COVID-19 ؛ Existential anxiety ؛ Conspiracy Beliefs ؛ Intention to get vaccinated
مراجع
Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scales: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction . Doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
Alizadehfard, S., & Alipour, A. (2020). The path analysis model in prediction of corona phobia based on intolerance of uncertainty and health anxiety. Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 14(1), 16–27. http://rph.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3756-en.html .
Barello, S., Nania, T., Dellafiore, F., Graffigna, G., & Caruso, R. (2020). ‘Vaccine hesitancy’ among university students in Italy during the COVID‐19 pandemic. European Journal of Epidemiology , 35 (8), 781–783. Doi: 10.1007/s10654‐020‐00670‐z
Bertin, P., Kenzo, N., Sylvain, D. (2020). Conspiracy beliefs, rejection of vaccination, and support for hydroxychloroquine: A conceptual replication-extension in the COVID-19 pandemic context. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. 2471. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565128 .
Bertin, P., Kenzo, N., Sylvain, D. (2020). Conspiracy beliefs, rejection of vaccination, and support for hydroxychloroquine: A conceptual replication-extension in the COVID-19 pandemic context. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. 2471. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565128 .
Bertin, P., Nera, K., & Delouvée, S. (2020). Conspiracy beliefs, rejection of vaccination, and support for hydroxychloroquine: A conceptual replication-extension in the COVID-19 pandemic context. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 2471. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565128
Bobdey, S.; Ray, S. (2020). Going viral–Covid-19 impact assessment: A perspective beyond clinical practice. J. Mar. Med. Soc. 22(1): 9–12.
Brotherton, R., French, C. C., & Pickering, A. D. (2013). Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: The generic conspiracist beliefs scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 4 , 279. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00279
Bruns, A., Harrington, S., Hurcombe, E. (2020). ‘Corona? 5G? Or both?’ The dynamics of COVID-19/5G conspiracy theories on Facebook. Media International Australia, 177(1), 12–29. Doi: 10.1177%2F1329878X20946113
Callaghan, T., Motta, M., Sylvester, S., Trujillo, K.L., Blackburn, C.C. (2019). Parent psychology and the decision to delay childhood vaccination. Social Science & Medicine, 238, 112407. Doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112407 .
Courtney, E.P.; Goldenberg, J.L.; Boyd, P. (2020). The contagion of mortality: A terror management health model for pandemics. Br. J. Soc. Psychol: 1–11. Doi: 10.1111/bjso.12392
de Pablo, G. S., Serrano, J. V., Catalan, A., Arango, C., Moreno, C., Ferre, F., Shin, J. I., Sullivan, S., Brondino, N., Solmi, M., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2020). Impact of coronavirus syndromes on physical and mental health of health care workers: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275, 48–57. Doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020. 06.022
Dodd, R. H., Pickles, K., Nickel, B., Cvejic, E., Ayre, J., Batcup, C., Bonner, C., Copp, T., Cornell, S., Dakin, T., Isautier, J., & McCaffery, K. J. (2021). Concerns and motivations about COVID‐19 vaccination. The Lancet Infectious Diseases , 21 (2), 161–163. Doi: 10.1016/S1473‐ 3099(20)30926‐9
Douglas, K. M., Sutton, R. M., Callan, M. J., Dawtry, R. J., & Harvey, A. J. (2015). Someone is pulling the strings: Hypersensitive agency detection and belief in conspiracy theories. Thinking & Reasoning, 22(1), 57 –77.
Emanuel, L.; Solomon, S.; Fitchett, G.; Chochinov, H.; Handzo, G.; Schoppee, T.; Wilkie, D. (2020). Fostering Existential Maturity to Manage Terror in a Pandemic. J. Palliat. Med. Doi: 10.1089/jpm.2020.0263
Fitri, R. A., Asih, S. R., & Takwin, B. (2020). Social curiosity as a way to overcome death anxiety: Perspective of terror management theory. Heliyon, 6 (3), Article e03556. Doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03556 .
Georgiou, N., Delfabbro, P., & Balzan, R. (2020). COVID-19-related conspiracy beliefs and their relationship with perceived stress and pre-existing conspiracy beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences, 166 , Article 110201. Doi: 10.1016/ j. paid.2020.110201.
Goldberg, Z.J., Richey, S. (2020). Anti-vaccination beliefs and unrelated conspiracy theories. World Affairs, 183(2), 105–124. Doi: 10.1177/0043820020920554 .
Greenberg, J. (2012). Terror management theory: From genesis to revelations, The social psychology of existential concerns, American Psychological Association, Washington D.C 3(4): 17-35. Doi: 10.1037/13748-001
Grimes, D. R. (2021). Medical disinformation and the unviable nature of COVID-19 conspiracy theories. Plos One , 16 (3), e0245900. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245900
Halpin C, Reid B. (2021). Attitudes and beliefs of healthcare workers about influenza vaccination. Nursing Older People.33(3). Doi: 10.7748/nop.2019.e1154
Hornsey, M.J., Finlayson, M., Chatwood, G., Begeny, C.T. (2020). Donald Trump and vaccination: The effect of political identity, conspiracist ideation and presidential tweets on vaccine hesitancy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 88. Doi: 10.1060/j.jesp.2019.103947 .
Kelion, L. (2020). Mast fire probe amid 5G coronavirus claims. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-52164358#
Larson HJ, Clarke RM, Jarrett C, Eckersberger E, Levine Z, Schulz WS, et al. (2018). Measuring trust in vaccination: A systematic review. Human Vaccines & Immuno therapeutic . 14(7):1599-609 Doi: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1459252
Liu C -Y, Yang Y -z, Zhang X -M, Xu X, Dou Q - L, Zhang W -W. (2020). The prevalence and influencing factors for anxiety in medical workers fighting COVID -19 in China: A cross -sectional survey. Available at SSRN 3548781.
Mamun MA, Sakib N, Gozal D, Bhuiyan AI, Hossain S, Bodrud-Doza M, et al. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic and serious psychological consequences in Bangladesh: a population-based nationwide study. Journal of Affective Disorders . 279:462-72. Doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.036
Miller, J.M. (2020). Do COVID-19 conspiracy theory beliefs form a monological belief system? Canadian Journal of Political Science , 53, 319–326 Doi: 10.1017/S0008423920000517 .
Milošević-Djordjević, J., Mari, S., Vdović, M., & Milošević, A. (2021). Links between conspiracy beliefs, vaccineSocial Science & Medicine , 113930.
Mohammadzadeh A, Jomehri-Kohneshari R. (2016). The comparison of personality traits, trait-states anxiety and existential anxiety among patients with generalized anxiety disorder and normal people. Journal of clinical psychology , 8(1): 83-32.
Murphy, J., Vallières, F., Bentall, R. P., Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Hartman, T. K., McKay, P., Bennett, K., Mason, L., Gibson‐Miller, J., Levita, L., Martinez, A. P., Stocks, T. V. A., Karatzias, T., & Hyland, P. (2021). Psychological characteristics associated with COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in Ireland and the United Kingdom. Nature Communications , 12(1), 1–15. Doi: 10.1038/s41467‐020‐20226‐9
Oleksy, T., Wnuk, A., Maison, D., & Łyś, A. (2021). Content matters. Different predictors and social consequences of general and government -related conspiracy theories on COVID -19. Personality and Individual Differences , 168, 110289.
Palamenghi, L., Barello, S., Boccia, S., & Graffigna, G. (2020). Mistrust in biomedical research and vaccine hesitancy: The forefront challenge in
the battle against COVID-19 in Italy. European Journal of Epidemiology , 35 (8), 785–788.
Patrizia V; Claudia, C; Guyonne R and Sara B.Z. (2021). A Fear of COVID-19 and PTSD Symptoms in Pathological Personality: The Mediating Effect of Dissociation and Emotion Dysregulation, Psychiatry , Doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.590021
Polizzi, C., Lynn, S.J., Perry, A. Stress and Coping in the Time of COVID-19: Pathways to Resilience and Recovery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry ,2020, 17 (2), 59-62.
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J.,&Solomon, S. (1999).Adual‐process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death‐related thoughts: An extension of terror management theory. Psychological Review , 106 (4), 835–845. Doi: 10.1037/0033‐295X.106.4.835
Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry , 33, 1-4
Randolph, H. E., & Barreiro, L. B. (2020). Herd immunity: Understanding COVID‐19. Immunity , 52 (5), 737–741. Doi: 10.1016/j. immuni.2020.04.012
Reuken, P. A., Rauchfuss, F., Albers, S., Settmacher, U., Trautwein, C., Bruns, T., & Stallmach, A. (2020). Between fear and courage: Attitudes, beliefs, and behavior of liver transplantation recipients and waiting list candidates during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Journal of Transplantation, 20 (11), 3042–3050. Doi: 10.1111/ajt.16118
Romer, D., & Jamieson, K. H. (2020). Conspiracy theories as barriers to controlling the spread of COVID -19 in the US. Social Science & Medicine , 263, 113356.
Romer, D., Jamieson, K.H. (2020). Conspiracy theories as barriers to controlling the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S. Social Science & Medicine , 263, Doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113356 .
Ruiz, J.B., Bell, R.A. (2021). Predictors of intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: Results of a nationwide survey. Vaccine, 39(7), 1080–1086. Doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.010
Sadeghiyeh, H., Khanahmadi, I., Farhadbeigi, P., Karimi, N., Ganji, N. (2021). Cognitive Reflection and the Coronavirus Conspiracy Beliefs, Journal of Mental Health , 1(1):1-19.
Sallam, M., Dababseh, D., Eid, H., Al-Mahzoum, K., Al-Haidar, A., Taim, D., Yaseen, A., Ababneh, N.A., Bakri, F.G., Mahafzah, A. (2021). High rates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and its association with conspiracy beliefs: A study in Jordan and Kuwait among other Arab countries. Vaccines, 9, 42. Doi: 10.3390/vaccines9010042 .
Schimmenti, A.; Billieux, J.; Starcevic, V. (2020). The four horsemen of fear: An integrated model of understanding fear experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin. Neuropsychology , 17, 41–45.
Shahsavari, S., Holur, P., Tangherlini, T. R., & Roychowdhury, V. (2020). Conspiracy in the time of corona: Automatic detection of covid -19 conspiracy theories in social media and the news. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.13783.
Sherman SM, Smith LE, Sim J, Amlôt R, Cutts M, Dasch H, Rubin GJ, Sevdalis N. (2020). COVID 19 vaccination intention in the UK: results from the COVID19 vaccination acceptability study (CoVAccS), a nationally representative cross-sectional survey. Hum Vaccine Immunotherapy 25(6):1–1621. Doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1846397
Song F, Shi N, Shan F, et al. (2020). Emerging coronavirus 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Radiology . :200274. Doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200274
Soveri, A., Karlsson, L.C., Antfolk, J., Lindfelt, M., Lewandowsky, S. (2021). Unwillingness to engage in behaviors that protect against COVID-19: The role of conspiracy beliefs, trust, and endorsement of complementary and alternative medicine. BMC Public Health , 21(1), 1–12. Doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10643-w
Stynska, V.; Popovych, I.; Kravets, N.; Piletska, L.; Cтинськa, B.B. (2020). Research of the relationship between existential anxiety and the sense of personality’s existence. Rev. Incl , 7: 41–59.
Tillich, P. (1952). The Courage to Be; Yale University Press: New Haven, CT, USA.
Trogen, B.; Oshinsky, D.; Caplan, A. (2020) Adverse consequences of rushing a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: Implications for public trust. JAMA . 323, 2460–2461.
van Bruggen, V., Ten Klooster, P., Westerhof, G., Vos, J., de Kleine, E., Bohlmeijer, E., & Glas, G. (2017). The Existential Concerns Questionnaire (ECQ)–Development and initial validation of a new existential anxiety scale in a nonclinical and clinical sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 73(12), 1692–1703. Doi: 10.1002/ jclp.22474
Van Prooijen, J. W., & Douglas, K. M. (2017). Conspiracy theories as part of history: The role of societal crisis situations. Memory studies , 10(3), 323 -333.
Wang K, Wong EL-Y, Ho K-F, Cheung AW-L, Yau PS-Y, Dong D, et al. (2021). Change of willingness to accept COVID-19 vaccine and reasons of vaccine hesitancy of working people at different waves of local epidemic in Hong Kong, China: Repeated cross-sectional surveys . Vaccines.9(1):62. Doi:10.3390/vaccines9010062
Wetzels, M., Odekerken-Schröder, G., & Van Oppen, C. (2009). Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration . MIS quarterly, 177-195.
World Health Organization, 2021. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Retrieved from. https://covid19.who.int/
Xiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The lancet Psychiatry .7(3):228-9.
Yeh Y-C, Chen I-H, Ahorsu DK, Ko N-Y, Chen K-L, Li P-C, et al. (2021). Measurement invariance of the drivers of COVID-19 vaccination acceptance scale: Comparison between Taiwanese and mainland Chinese-speaking populations. Vaccines.9 (3):297. Doi: 10.3390/vaccines9030297
Zainab Ifthikar, Saima Sajjad Fakih, Saumy Johnson & Johnson Alex. (2021). Post-traumatic stress disorder following COVID-19 pandemic among medical students in Riyadh: a cross-sectional study, Middle East Current Psychiatry volume, 2021; 44(5): 657. https://www.x-mol.com/paperRedirect/1418666420936466432
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 376
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 419
